The Temperature of the Earth's Interior
Geothermal heat pump
The Second Law of Thermodynamics
Carl Linde's double coiled apparatus for liquefying air
Baltzar von Platen 1898-1984
Breakthrough elastic alloy heats and cools with 20x greater efficiency than metals
Rosemary Ainslie COP17 Heater Technology
Counter Electromotive Force Enables Overunity Results In Electric Systems by Rosemary Ainslie and Donovan Martin
The Rosemary Ainslie Energy-Collection System
Rosemary Ainslie Counter-Electromotive Force
Rosemary Ainslie | COP 17 Heater Circuit Ringing - Video
Rosemary Ainslie COP=17 Circuit
Designing an Induction Cooker Using the S08PT Family
Reverse-conducting IGBTs for induction cooking and resonant applications
2 Simple Induction Heater Circuits – Hot Plate Cookers
Induction Heater with ZVS Circuit
Induction cooking
Induction heating
Skin effect
Use Vapor Recompression to Recover Low-Pressure Waste Steam
Coefficient of performance
Geothermal power
Hi! Hermes
Here is an article I wrote to Mike
Ok! guys, I have pulled in
some of my favorite researchers here for this discussion. All of this dialog centers
around my wandering dissertation titled What is Heat written back in the mid 90s for
KeelyNet. The main understanding derived from paper is the fact that heating is caused
by positive ionization of a mass. The object becomes hot due to the ejection of
lattice electrons which manifest as photons in the IR band of energy.
Cooling
is just the opposite in that as a mass gains electrons it becomes cold due to electron
packing in the atomic lattice. This explains the formation of ice at the phase change
of water at 0 C. The electron packing causes a molecular re-configuration of the
fundamental structure of water. If taken all the way down to absolute zero, the
electron packing will reach total saturation (gross negative) and all Browning motion
ceases for there is no mean free path for electrons to move. Tesla understood this
concept for he was fascinated with the Linde Liquid Air production. Tesla's thoughts
were of a superconducting primary coil. IBM Corp got involved with superconductivity
in solid state circuits and ran into Tesla at the Patent process.
Simply put,
if you negative ionize a mass it will go cold. If you ionize a mass positive it
goes hot. The argument of which has more energy arieses since we are lead to
believe that heat is more energetic that cold. That means the holes in an atomic
lattice has more power than a lattice packed with electrons. ?? Tesla totally
understood the power of a cold sink.
Mick asked how to make ice in the desert.
Simple, for on totally clear skys over the desert at night, the gross radiation into
space of IR photons, emitted by a near perfect black body radiator plate will reach
temperatures far below the ambient air. It is the rapidity of the thermal loss that
causes the plate to go to a gross negative state, cold.
Vantablack. A surface coated
with this will make ice under clear desert skies at night due to the super emission of
IR photons into the cold sink of outer space. Remember! That at about 60,000 ft. We
have the lowest temperature before the inversion takes place.
Please not the
boundary at troposphere into stratosphere where temperatures have reached the minimum
then start climbing. This stratosphere base is the cold sink receptor for the emitted
photons in the IR band.
Thermosphere - overview _ UCAR Center for Science Education
Mick, Your
quote " Black on one side silver the other and flip it at an asymmetric duty cycle
You perfectly described one of Tesla's favorite toys, Crooks Radiometer, which really
fascinated Tesla over just how it works.
Your comment on collecting the energy
of phase shift from plasma state back to gas state (gross over-unity) has to be done
with the dielectric media vs large capacitor plates. Please understand dielectric
displacement is where energy (charge is stored). Just as we are learning about how
thermal junctions work, we learn that we need a material that has a super high
electrical stand off coefficient and at the same time is a perfect thermal conductor.
Electrical conductivity vs thermal conductivity. Put some thought into that
statement for this is your ion pump. In my paper I discuss the age old paradox in
Thermodynamics in Chemistry (TEXT BOOK) where there is clear and carefully studied
phenomenon of excess energy at the phase change of water from gas to liquid states.
If you study the phase change from a plasma back to a gas state you will find an order
of magnitude of excess energy at this phase change point. This is where we get into
the magnetic flux annihilation re-connect studies that yield the EMP that is
Magneto-Electric (cold electricity).
Structure of a Magnetic Flux Annihilation Layer Formed by the Collision of Supersonic,
Magnetized Plasma Flows,
MAGNETIC FIELD CREATION: DYNAMO THEORY
Structure of a magnetic flux annihilation layer formed by the collision of supersonic, magnetized plasma flows
Plasma classification (types of plasma)
The Earth's Plasmasphere
Italian National Research Council
Cold plasmas are those with
Te >> Tgas. It is obtained in low pressure discharges or in short pulse discharges as
Dielectric Barrier Discharges or ns discharges.
Hot plasmas, or better thermal
plasmas, are those with Te~Tgas. It is produced in plasma torches or in high pressure
discharges. The time of the discharge must be quite long, in order to have
equilibration between the electron gas and heavy particles.
From the point of
view of deposition both plasmas are used, but with different substrates and for
different applications. The uniformity depends on your plasma device and on the size
of the deposition area.
Usually in cold plasmas, also ions can play an
important role. As an example ion bombardment is used for the so called plasma
etching. In any cases there is a lot of literature on this subject, and there Over
unity in Plasma to Liquid phase shift!
Norman Wootan
Hi Norman,
Thank you very much for your information on negative and positive
ions.
"If you study the phase change from a plasma back to a gas state
you will find an order of magnitude of excess energy at this phase change point. This
is where we get into the magnetic flux annihilation re-connect studies that yield the
EMP that is Magneto-Electric (cold electricity)."
Do you mean that a
negative ion phase change between plasma and gas is overunity? If that is true it
explains the Alexander V. Chernetsky plasma generator:
http://gratisenergi.se/sparkgap.htm
http://gratisenergi.se/chernetsky.pdf
Best Wishes, Hermes
P.S A free energy converter that converts heat directly to electricity is ideal
because of global warming.
P.S My friend Simon Derricutt said that the 100 watt
Floyd Sweet VTA magnets got 10C cooler than the surrounding temperature.
Hermes!
"Precisely correct"!
BTW! The letter from Hal
Puthoff about the "grain of wheat bulb" test of the MRA ended with a statement that
"I'll be out of country"! Puthoff was on way to visit and test the Chernetsky Device!
Norman Wootan
Hermes!
Bob Paddock: Bert Pool gave
me the article from Scientific American about the "Satellite Killer" using phase
conjugation pumping with lasers and barium titanate crystals. When you bounce a laser
beam with a "tuned wedge" mirror so that the retraced path is 180 degree out of phase
to the incoming beam there is total "cancellation" but energy cannot be destroyed ,
existing in new form. This energy is directed toward target via the Barium crystal.
All under the tital of "Optical Phase Conjugation"!
Tom Bearden got into the
four wave mixing!
Norman Wootan
Hi Simon,
What are your opinions about Rosemary Ainslie heater?
http://gratisenergi.se/heat.htm
Read Counter Electromotive Force Enables Overunity Results In Electric Systems by
Rosemary Ainslie and Donovan Martin
http://gratisenergi.se/heater.pdf
Best Wishes, Hermes
Hi Hermes,
The estimation of power dissipated by the resistor was by looking at
its temperature rise, by the look of it. Not that accurate. When you're looking at a
few watts, some unexpected air movements can change the temperature quite a bit.
As a basic thing here, when you're dealing with spiky waveforms it's difficult
to measure the power in them. Any errors on timing in measuring the instantaneous
voltage and current will change your integral of the power you think you're measuring.
Also confounding things is that drawing power in short pulses from a Lead-acid battery
will change the battery chemistry and show you a different apparent charge state than
it shows under a constant load of the same actual average power.
Basic idea
here is that the risk of bad measurements here is extremely high, and I'm not seeing
any reasonable path to any breaking of symmetry here so I think the excess power seen
was a result of the difficulties in measuring this stuff.
How to fix that: use
a water-bath for the resistor and measure the rate of heat rise of a set amount of
water, and use a DC power supply with a good capacitor for smoothing so you can
measure the power taken at DC rather than AC. If you put in enough effort in getting
rid of the sources of error, I'd expect there to be no anomaly found.
In
general, pulsed power draw or charge from a battery can give you a mismatch between
what you think the battery charge-state should vary and what you measure it to have
varied using a battery-capacity test. In reality, the capacity of a battery isn't as
fixed as normally stated, and depends on what parts of the electrodes have the charge.
It's complex. It's also fooled a lot of people into thinking their design is producing
more energy out than is put in. After some time of producing more power out than in,
it stops working as it did before, though nothing has changed in the circuit.
In general, not really a good path to go down.
Best regards, Simon
Hi Simon,
Read about the new measurements on the Coutier
Transformer at the end of the webpage:
http://gratisenergi.se/hubbard.htm
Why is the voltage double at the output
coil when the input coils have the same turns?
It is a input 1+1= output 1
turns transformer.
and do you understand the principle behind the Baltzar von
Platen perpetual motion machine?
http://gratisenergi.se/vonplaten.htm
Best Wishes, Hermes
Hi Hermes,
Note that Fig. 29 is in fact wrong (magnetisation graph for soft
Iron). That's a picture of what happens if you start with the Iron demagnetised
carefully, whereas when you're running AC through the coils you get the normal
hysteresis curve. Look it up.
No idea why a 1+1 to 1 transformer put out
twice the voltage you put in, unless of course you connected the two output coils
in series. There simply isn't enough information about what you did to explain the
result. Note though that such arrangements of coils are used in commercial designs,
and any OU would have been noticed if it happened. Thus pretty certainly you're not
going to achieve anything extraordinary with this. I've no idea about how Hubbard
could do the trick and fool people, but you really have to ask how the frequency
happened to be exactly grid frequency when there's nothing shown that regulates
frequency.
For the
Von Platen patent 4084408 it looks like he's also found the sneaky bit of
physics where liquids/gases that are fully miscible at normal gravity/accelerations
can be separated without doing net work once you put them under high accelerations
(centrifuge, for example) if their density is different. Thus once you can get the
cycle to steady state, you can produce a Maxwell's Daemon that really works
(takes no work to separate molecules into hotter and colder and thus gives you free
heating or cooling). He doesn't really explain it simply, but it's a sequence of
equilibrium situations where for each one it's being pushed away from equilibrium
by the previous process in a different location (and thus is moving towards
equilibrium which takes no input power), and where as it moves towards its own
equilibrium it outputs something that disturbs the next equilibrium situation
(in the next location) in the cycle. There can be two or more processes in the
overall cycle, and in general *something* will continuously move around that cycle,
maybe changing phase (as it does here). Yep, this is actually Perpetual Motion,
driven by the varying response of that fluid to the field or pseudo-field applied.
Centrifuges produce a pseudo-field, near-enough to real gravity to do the same job
in the process.
Note that if you do a one-off centrifuging of a mixture of
fluids to get the densest one at the outer radius, that does take work as the
moment of inertia of the centrifuge increases during that settling. If however you
have a cycle where as much mass is going outwards as is coming inwards during the
centrifuge operation, so there's a steady state of mass distribution and a constant
moment of inertia, it then takes no work (apart from bearing loss and drag).
I haven't dug too deep into the Von Platen processes, but just look at
the really high pressures and g-forces he's proposing - though it would probably
actually work it wouldn't be easy to make or cheap. Best thing to take from that is
the logic of the processes, and figure out how to make it work at more-reasonable
conditions. Though Phil and I didn't know about Von Platen, we're using much the
same principle in his heat-pump but we only need a few thousand g in the centrifuge.
Might get it running at lower g-force, too - there are some other sneaky bits of
physics that can aid condensation to happen more easily. See
AU2024200773
for detail (though Phil doesn't explain the principles simply there, he does give
enough detail to make something work).
For
Von Platen's patent 1669269 it's a simple absorption refrigerator. I presume
you don't need that explaining.
Best regards, Simon
Hermes!!
I have some "interesting" input into this subject of Centrifuges.
When I applied for "International Patents" for the "Process for Producing Hydrogen"
https://patents.google.com/patent/US7097676B2/en
All was going very
smoothly with all countries approving submission except Japan. I had extensive
"dialog" with examiner over another Patent Application that utilized centrifugal
forces for gas seperation. (Similar Patent to mine). I had to "tutor" examiner
about Victor Schaubergers "Implosion Vortex" which works "Inversely" to the normal
Centrifugal action. My Patent utilizes Centripital (Implosion Vortex) just as
Ranque originally used this phenomenon to separate gasses with very close densities.
The "Examiner" read my references and agreed that my process was unique and different.
Now we get into Laws of Thermodynamics.
http://gratisenergi.se/maxwell_demon.pdf
http://gratisenergi.se/ranque_hilsch_vortex_tube.pdf
Vortex tube - Wikipedia
My Patent utilizes the "Implosion Vortex" (Centripital) where the heavy gasses
seperate and move to the center "counter flow vortex" and the lighter gasses move to
the outer Vortex envelope, "Totally Counter" to conventional centrifugal forces. I
used this method to separate Hydrogen from Carbon Dioxide in the Hydrogen Reactor properly.
"Heat Energy", can we say???? Concentration from "Low to High"!!! It is a fact of life!!!
"BTW"!!! In the news is all about Iran "Enriching Uranium" using High RPM
centrifuges. Many thousands to separate isotopes based on minute differences in density.
(Mass). There is a "tremendous" difference in "efficiency" between "Centripital" vs
"Centrifugal" gas separators. "They have not been "educated", YET!!!!!
Hope this
helps explain the "phenomenon"! Here is "Conventional Process"!
Gas centrifuge - Wikipedia
My Process is far more "efficient"!
Norm
Hi Simon,
Can Maxwell's Demon in a
Ranque Hilsch Vortex Tube give free energy? To seperate gases in a hot (+200C) and
cold (-50C) end takes compressed air. But compressed air needs electricity and is it
possible to use both the hot and cold end in a
Heat Engine so it gives out
more energy than input?
Best Wishes, Hermes
Hi Hermes,
You may have misunderstood what a Maxwell's Daemon really is.
Separating a fluid into hotter molecules in one place, cooler ones in another place,
can be done with a heat pump. Normally, to make the heat pump work, we need to put
work in, so the essential distinguishing feature for a Maxwells's Daemon is that it
does this separation without any work being put in to do that. It may need work put
in for other purposes such as moving the fluid around to shift that heat difference
somewhere else, which will clearly need work to be done.
For the vortex tubes
that give a hot and cold output stream, you need to put in work to compress the air,
and this drives the effective heat-pump of the vortex tube as well as shifting the
hotter and colder air out in different directions. It's not a Maxwell's Daemon, just
a heat pump subject to the usual Carnot limits.
If you test putting a heat
engine between the hot and cold sides, you'll find you don't get as much power out
from the engine as you need to put into the compressor to get the temperature difference.
If that was OU, and you could make something that runs itself that way, it would have
been manufactured a long time back because it's pretty obvious. Of course there's a
problem with real heat engines, in that they only approach the Carnot limit and generally
only gives you maximum of around 80% of a perfect Carnot engine, so your heat production
needs to be significantly OU before you could make a system that was overall OU.
For Norman's patent, it's lapsed so looks like he couldn't get someone to use it. The
reason people want to use Hydrogen is to avoid producing CO2, but here clearly you're
getting the CO2 right at the start so you'd still be paying the Carbon Tax. The process
he's shown should be cheaper than electrolysis otherwise, but the taxes would make it
more costly. I haven't spent any time studying Schauberger, so can't really comment on
the efficiency there. I presume he's tried it and it works. The output Hydrogen won't be
that pure, though, and likely would need filtering through hot Palladium foil. Since in
fact all the Hydrogen would need to pass through that foil (which stops any other gases
passing through), there's actually no real gain from pre-separating the other gases from
the Hydrogen. Could explain why no-one wanted to use his patent - not enough better than
the process they were using.
I've no idea as to whether Schauberger's ideas can
give better separation of fluids of slightly different density. You'll need to find
someone with experience in actually running separation.
Best regards, Simon
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